Неопределенный и определенный артикли
Неопределенный артикль а (ап) происходит от числительного one (один), определенный the - от указательного местоимения that (тот).
Упоминая предмет впервые, мы употребляем перед ним неопределенный артикль a(an). Упоминая этот же предмет вторично, мы ставим перед ним определенный артикль the. Например: This is a book. The book is interesting.
Артикль употребляется:
Перед каждым нарицательным существительным.
Артикль не употребляется если перед существительным стоит:
Указательное или притяжательное местоимение - This is ту book.
другое существительное в притяжательном падеже - It’s teacher’s book.
Количественное числительное - She has one pen.
отрицание no - He has no book.
Неопределенный артикль а (ап)
Употребляется перед единичным, отдельным предметом, который мы не выделяем из класса ему подобных. Неопределенный артикль ап обычно стоит перед существительным, которое начинается с гласного звука: an apple, an egg.
Например:
I bought a book yesterday. Я купил вчера книгу (одну из многих ей подобных). I have ап apple. У меня есть яблоко (одно, какое-то).
Неопределенный артикль а (ап) может употребляться только с исчисляемыми существительными, стоящими в единственном числе. Перед неисчисляемыми существительными или существительными во множественном числе неопределенный артикль опускается.
Неопределенный артикль не употребляется:
а) с неисчисляемыми и «абстрактными» существительными:
I like coffee and tea. Friendship is very important in our life.
б) с существительными во множественном числе: The books are on the table.
в) С именами собственными:
I told Jane about that.
г) с существительными, перед которыми стоят притяжательные или указательные местоимения:
This car is better than that car.
д) с существительными, за которыми следует количественное числительное, обозначающее номер:
Read the text on page eight.
Определенный артикль the
Определенный артикль the выделяет предмет или предметы из класса им подобных:
The book I bought yesterday was interesting - Книга, которую я купил вчера, была интересной (это - конкретная книга, которую говорящий выделяет из класса ей подобных).
Определенный артикль the употребляется как с исчисляемыми, так и с неисчисляемыми существительными, как с единственным, так и с множественным числом.
Например:
This is a book. The book is interesting, (исчисляемое в единственном числе).
This is meat. The meat is fresh, (неисчисляемое).
These are books. The books are good, (множественное число).
Определенный артикль употребляется:
1. Когда известно о каком предмете идет речь:
Open the door, please. I am going to the college.
2. Когда речь идет о единственном в своем роде предмете или явлении:
The moon is bright this night. The Earth is a planet.
3. Когда существительное имеет ограничивающее определение, чаще всего с предлогом of:
I don’t know the name of this man.
4. В словосочетаниях типа in the north, to the west, at the cinema, the same, in the country, the rest of the ...
5. Если перед существительным стоит прилагательное в превосходной степени:
This is the most interesting book.
6. Перед порядковыми числительными the first, the second и т.д.
Употребление артикля с географическими названиями
С географическими названиями и с именами собственными, артикль, как правило, не употребляется, кроме следующих случаев:
а) определенный артикль используется с названиями морей, рек, океанов, горных хребтов, групп островов: the Black Sea, the Thames, the Pacific Ocean, the Alps, the British Isles;
б) определенный артикль используется с несколькими названиями стран, областей и городов:
the Ukraine, the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Netherlands, The Hague, the Riviera, the Congo, the West Indies;
в) определенный артикль используется с названиями стран, состоящими из 2 и более слов:
the Russian Federation, the United States of America, the United Kingdom;
г) перед собирательным именем семьи the Petrovs - Петровы.
vbt Запомните: артикль не нужен в сочетаниях со словами
next и last типа: next week, next year, last month, last Tuesday.
Задание 3.5
Вставьте артикли a!the, где они необходимы.
1. This is pencil. Pencil is red.
1. She is teacher. She is our teacher of English.
2. It is lake. Lake is deep. It’s one of deepest lakes in world.
3. Black Sea is in South of Russia.
4. Did you write plan? Give me your plan, please.
5. This is Mr. Turner. He works as manager. He is good manager.
6. There is bank in street. Bank is new.
7. Moscow is capital of Russian Federation.
8. In summer sky is blue and sun shines brightly.
9. Danilovs are very friendly.
10. Close door, please!
11. Winter begins in December.
12. My father is teacher.
13. What is largest city in world?
14. This street is longest in town.
15. What city is capital of United States?
16. What did you have for lunch?
17. We came into nearest shop.
18. Who is man at cash-desk? - He is cashier.
19. He is engineer by profession.
20. I like coffee without sugar.
21. I don’t remember name of man.
22. Can I ask question?
23. Usually this bank opens at 9 o’clock in morning.
24. What fine day it is today!
ENGLISH BUSINESS LETTERS ДЕЛОВЫЕ ПИСЬМА НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Повторяем грамматику:Оборот there is/there are .
Безличные и неопределенно-личные предложения
Structure and layout of business letters
Ответы - Упражнение 1.
1.This is a clock. 2. This is Kiev. 3. Kiev is a big city. 4. Mary is a girl. 5. She is my sister. 6. This is a room. 7. Is a newspaper in the bag? 8. She is in the room. 9. Is a teacher in the classroom? 10. Is your room large? 11. Is a pen in the bag? 12. Are you students? 13. My friend has the children. 14. The sportsmen are always in good form. 15. The children we saw in the street are schoolboys. 16. She lives in the 1st Street.
Ответы - Упражнение 2.
A man’s bag, a girl’s doll, the women’s right, the actress’s voice, James’ room, fox’s tricks, boy’s games, students’ songs, Engels’ works, Marx’ letters.
Ответы - Упражнение 3.
1.Я знаю брата вашего преподавателя.
I know your teacher’s brother.
2. Это часы моей сестры. This is my sister’s watch.
3. Книги отца в его комнате. Father’s books are in his room.
4. Я часто прохожу мимо дома нашего тренера. I often pass (или go by) our trainer’s house.
5. Я часто вижу друзей своего тренера. I often see my trainer’s friends.
6. Откройте окно. Open the window.
7. Подойдите к окну. Come to the window.
8. Принесите мел, пожалуйста. Bring the chalk, please.
9. Прочтите это. Read it.
10. Напишите письмо, пожалуйста. Write a letter, please.
11. Переведите этот текст, пожалуйста. Translate the text, please.
12. Принесите мне мяч. Bring me the ball.
Ответы - Упражнение 4.
1.This is a book. It is my book. 2. Is this your pencil? - No, it isn"t my pencil, it is my sister"s pencil. 3. I have a sister. My sister is an engineer. My sister"s husband is a doctor. 4. I have no handbag. 5. Is this a watch? - No, it isn"t a watch, it"s a pen. 6. This pen is good, and that pen is bad. 7. I can see a pencil on your table, but I can see no paper. 8. Give me a chair, please. 9. They have a dog and two cats. 10. I have a spoon in my plate, but I have no soup in it.
Ответы - Упражнение 5.
1. This is a tree. The tree is green. 2. I can see three boys. Boys are playing. 3. I have a bicycle. The bicycle is black. My friend has no bicycle. 4. Our room is large. 5. We wrote a dictation yesterday. The dictation was long. 6. She has two daughters and one son. Her son is a pupil. 7. My brother"s friend has no dog. 8. This pencil is broken. Give me that pencil, please. 9. She has a ball. The ball is big. 10. I got a letter from my friend yesterday. The letter was interesting.
Ответы - Упражнение 6.
1. This is a pen. The pen is red. 2. These are pencils. The pencils are black. 3. This is soup. The soup is tasty. 4. In the morning I eat a sandwich and drink tea. 5. She gave me coffee and a cake. The coffee was hot. The cake was tasty. 6. Do you like ice cream? 7. I see a book in your hand. Is the book interesting? 8. Do you need a camera? 9. He never eats meat, he always eats vegetables, cereals, seeds, fruit, and nuts. He is a vegetarian. 10. This is a pineapple. The pineapple is delicious. 11. Elaine, apples are good for you! 12. My cousin is upset. He"s got a sore throat. 13. This is cottage cheese. The cottage cheese is fresh. 14. She bought meat, butter and potatoes yesterday. She also bought a cake. The cake was very tasty. We ate the cake with tea. 15. This is my table. On the table I have a book, two pencils, a pen and paper. 16. This is a bag. The bag is brown. It is my sister"s bag. And this is my bag. It is yellow.
Ответы - Упражнение 7.
1.I have two sisters. My sisters are students. 2. We are at home. 3. My brother is not at home, he is at school. 4. My mother is at work. She is a doctor. 5. I am not a doctor. 6. I have no sister. 7. He is not a pilot. 8. I have thirty-two teeth. 9. He has a child. 10. She has two children. Her children are at school. 11. Is your father at home? - No, he is at work. 12. Where is your brother? - He is at home.
Ответы - Упражнение 8.
1. We have a large family. 2. My granny often tells us long interesting stories. 3. My father is an engineer. He works at a factory. The factory is large. 4. My mother is a doctor. She works at a large hospital. She is at work now. 5. My aunt is a teacher. She works at school. The school is good. My aunt is not at school now. She is at home. She is drinking tea and eating jam. The jam is sweet. I am at home, too. I am drinking tea and eating a sandwich. The sandwich is tasty. 6. My sister is at school. She is a pupil. 7. My cousin has a big black cat. My cousin"s cat has two kittens. The cat likes milk. The kittens like milk, too. 8. I am an engineer. 9. My son is a pupil, 10. He is a good pupil. 11. This is a house. 12. This is my pencil. 13. You have some pencils, but I have no pencil. Give me a pencil, please.
Ответы - Упражнение 9.
1. I am an engineer. 2. My son is a pupil. 3. He is a good pupil. 4. This is a house. 5. This is my pencil. 6. You have some pencils, but I have no pencil. Give me a pencil, please. 7. I like your beautiful flower. Give me the flower, please. 8. My mother is at home. She is reading an interesting book. 9. My father is not at home. He is at work. He is a doctor. He is the good doctor. He works at a hospital. The hospital is large.
Ответы - Упражнение 10.
1. What"s the weather like today? - The weather is fine. 2. The sun is yellow. 3. The sky is grey today. 4. The Earth is a planet. 5. We had an English lesson yesterday. The teacher asked me many questions. The questions were difficult. 6. Where is your brother? - He is at home. He is in his room. He is sitting at the table. He is doing his homework. The homework is difficult. 7. Our cat is sitting on the sofa. 8. It is very dark in the room. Turn on the light, please. 9. Nick went into the bathroom, turned on the water and washed his hands.
Ответы - Упражнение 11.
At the beginning of the 19th century a little boy was born in the family of John Dickens, a clerk at an office in Portsmouth, and was named Charles. He had a sister who was older than himself, and there were several other children in the family. When Charles was seven, he was sent to school. He was not a strong child. He did not like to play cricket or football and spent all his free time reading. In 1821 the family went to London, and little Charles left behind him the happiest years of his childhood. His father was in money difficulties, and the family became poorer and poorer. The boy had to give up his studies. Mr. Dickens was put into a debtors" prison. Little Charles learned to know all the horrors and cruelty of a large capitalist city. He had to go to work at a blacking factory. He worked there from morning till night. When his father came out of prison, Charles was sent to school for some time. Soon he got work as a clerk. Then he learned stenography and became a reporter in Parliament. In 1836 at the age of 24 Charles Dickens published his first book. It was a collection of stories. The title of the book was "Sketches by Boz." These were followed by "Pickwick Papers" and "Oliver Twist" and many other famous novels. Charles Dickers is one of the greatest writers of the 19th century. His novels are now translated into most languages of the world.
Неопределенный артикль a (an) происходит от числительного one (один), определенный - от указательного местоимения that (тот).
Артикль употребляется:
Перед каждым нарицательным существительным.
Артикль не употребляется если перед существительным стоит:
· указательное или притяжательное местоимение - This is my book.
· другое существительное в притяжательном падеже - It"s teacher"s book.
· количественное числительное - She has one pen.
· отрицание по - He has no book.
Упоминая предмет впервые, мы употребляем перед ним неопределенный артикль a(an). Упоминая этот же предмет вторично, мы ставим перед ним определенный артикль the. Например: This is a book. The book is interesting.
Неопределенный артикль a (an)
употребляется перед единичным, отдельным предметом, который мы не выделяем из класса ему подобных. Неопределенный артикль an обычно стоит передсуществительным, которое начинается с гласного звука: an apple, an egg.
Например: / bought a book yesterday. Я купил вчера книгу (одну из многих ей подобных). I have an apple. У меня есть яблоко (одно, какое-то).
Неопределенный артикль a (an) может употребляться то чько с исчисляемыми существительными. стоящими в единственном числе. Перед неисчисляемыми существительными или существительными опускается,
Неопределенный артикль не употребляется:
а) с неисчисляемыми и «абстрактными» существительными:
J like coffee and tea. Friendship is very important in our life.
б) с существительными во множественном числе: The books are on the table.
в) с именами собственными: J told Jane about that.
г) с существительными, перед которыми стоят притяжательные или указательные местоимения:
This car is better than that. That bike is old.
д) с существительными, за которыми следует количественное числительное, обозначающее номер:
Read the text on page eight.
Неопределенный артикль a необходим в конструкциях
I have a... This is a... I am a... What a fine day! I see a... There is a... He is a... What a good boy!
Определенный артикль the
Определенный артикль the выделяет предмет или предметы из класса им подобных:
The book I bought yesterday was interesting - Книга, которую я купил вчера, была интересной (это - конкретная книга, которую говорящий выделяет из класса ей подобных).
Определенный артикль the употребляется как с исчисляемыми, так и с неисчисляемыми существительными, как с единственным, так и с множественным числом.
Например: This is a hook. The book is interesting (исчисляемое в единственном числе).
This is meat. The meat is fresh, (неисчисляемое)
These are books. The books are good, (множественное число).
Определенный артикль употребляется:
а) когда известно (из контекста, из окружающей обстановки) о каком предмете (предметах, явлениях) идет речь: Open the door, please. I am going to the college.
б) когда речь идет о единственном в своем роде предмете или явлении: The moon is bright this night.
в) когда существительное имеет ограничивающее определение, чаще всего с предлогом of.
/ don"t know the name of this pupil.
г) в словосочетаниях типа in the north, to the west, at the cinema, the same, in the country, the rest of the...
д) если перед существительным стоит прилагательное в превосходной степени
This is the most interesting book.
Географические названия и артикль
С географическими названиями и с именами собственными, артикль, как правило, не употребляется, кроме следующих случаев:
а) с названиями морей, рек, океанов, горных хребтов, групп островов используется определенный артикль: the Pacific Ocean, the Black Sea, the Thames the British Isles.
б) определенный артикль используется с несколькими названиями стран, областей и городов, (хотя обычно с этими типами названий артикль не используется):
the Ukraine, the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Netherlands, the Hague, the Riviera, the Congo, the West Indies
в) определенный артикль используется с названиями стран типа:
the Russian Federation, the United States of America, the United Kingdom.
г) перед собирательным именем семьи: The Petrovs - Петровы
Запомните: артикль не нужен в сочетаниях со словами next и last типа:
next week, next year, last month, last Tuesday
Задание 5.1. Объясните наличие или отсутствие артикля перед существительными.
1. Last week I met my friend. He was with a young girl. The girl was a student of our Academy. 2. This is a pencil. The pencil is red. 3. She is a teacher. She is our teacher of English. 4. It is a lake. The lake is deep. It"s one of the deepest lakes in the world. 5. There are many flowers in your garden. The flowers are beautiful. 6. Did you write a plan? Give me your plan, please. 7. The Black Sea is in the South of Russia. 8. This is Nick. He works as an engineer. He is a good engineer. 9. There are some schools in our street. The schools are new. 10. Yury Gagarin was the first cosmonaut of the world. 11. In summer the sky is blue and the sun shines brightly. 12. The Petrovs are very friendly. 13.This is Ann"s book. I don"t like such books. 14. Winter begins in December.
Задание 5.2. Вставьте артикли a, an, Ше,где необходимо:
1. This... pencil is broken. Give me that... pencil, please. 2. I have ... ten programmes on my TV. 3. My friend has... car.... car is broken now. 4. I got... letter from my friend yesterday.... letterwas very long. 5. She has two... daughters and one... son. Her... son is... student. 6. My... brother"s... friend has no... dog. 7. This is... house.... house is white. 8. They have... party.... party is... a birthday party. 9. Iread ... good book yesterday.... book was interesting and funny.
Задание 5.3. Вставьте артикли a, an, Ше,где необходимо:
1. Yesterday I saw... new film, but... film wasn"t very interesting.*2. Moscow is sitiated on ... Moskva river and London is situated on... Thames. 3. Yuri Gagarin was... first man to fly over... Earth in spaceship."4. My sister will go to school... next year. 5. In... summer we went to ...Black Sea."6. ... New York is one of the biggest business centers in the world.*7. ... Lomonosov was... great Russian scientist. He was born in... small village on...shore of... White Sea. 8 Peter"s brother is... worker and we are... students. 9. What... strange man he is! 10. In... summer we live in... country. 11....Russia is one of... largest countries of the world. 12. Is your dress made of... wool or... cotton? - It"s made of silk.
Задание 5.4. Вставьте артикли a, an, the,Tfx,e необходимо:
1. What... fine day it is today! 2.... History and ... Computer Science were ... my favourite subjects at... school. 3. I don"t know ... way to... station. 4. He is... engineer by... profession. 5. Usually I get up at ... 7 o"clock in... morning. 6.... Rostov is on ...right bank of... Don. 7. Will you have... cup of... tea? 8. ... Warsaw is ... capital of Poland. 9. We shall go to...cinema together with... our friends. 10. This is... book,... book is very interesting. 11. Do you see... sun in... sky today? 12. He is... engineer by... profession. 13.1 went to... Smirnovs, but they were not at... home.
Задание 5.5. Употребите, где требуется, артикли:
а, an, the.
1.... Volga is... longest river in... Europe. 2. What is...
nearest way to... Drama Theatre? 3 butter and...
cheese are made of... milk. 4. Usually I get up at... 7 o"clock in... morning. 5... .Rostov is situated on... Don.
б. Will you have... cup of... tea? 7.
Задание 5.6. Переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на употребление артикля.
1. Какой прекрасный цветок! 2. Какой хороший друг! 3. Вчера Ивановы уехали в Киев. 4. Вечером наша семья дома. 5. Москва - столица России. 6. Это - мой дом. Дом - новый 7. Летом мы жили в деревне на реке Дон. 8. Он учитель или инженер по профессии? 9. Мы - студенты колледжа. 10. Посмотрите на картинку на странице десять.
Задание 5.7. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
ABOUTMYSELF
My name is Marina Suvorova. I am 15.1 was born on the 5 th of March, 1985 in Rostov-on-Don. Now I live in Rostov with my parents and my grandmother.
My family is not very large. We have five people in our family. My father"s name is Igor Petrovich He is forty years old. He is a doctor and he works at a hospital. My mother"s name is Lyudmila Leonidovna. She is thirty nine years old. She is a housewife. My younger sister is a pupil. She is in the seventh form. My grandmother lives with us. She doesn"t work. She is a pensioner. I love my family. We are all friends and we love each other.
I have one aunt and two uncles. Their children are my cousins.
We live in a big flat in a new house. There are four rooms in our flat: a living room, a study, a kitchen, a bathroom and two bedrooms. We have all modern conveniences: gas, hot water, running water, electricity and telephone. I have my duties about the house. I must go shopping. I help my Mother to clean the rooms. It"s not difficult for me. I like our home to be clean and tidy.
I am a student of the college now. We have many good teachers at our college. I try to be a good pupil and I do well in all subjects. But my favourite subject is English. I spend much time on it. I like reading. I like detective stories but I prefer to read historical novels or modern writers.
I have many friends. Many of them are my classmates. We spend much time together, go for a walk, talk about lessons, music and discuss our problems. I like to listen to modern music, but sometimes I like to listen to some classical music. My favourite composer is Tchaikovsky. I haven"t much time to watch TV but sometimes I spend an hour or two watching an interesting film or a news programme. In the evening I often read newspapers or an interesting book. I like fresh air and exercises, but I have not much time to go in for sports.
parents - родители
a housewife - домохозяйка
younger - младшая
a pensioner - пенсионер
an aunt - тетя
an uncle - дядя
a cousin - кузен, кузина
living room - жилая комната _
a study - кабинет
a bathroom - ванная, туалет
a bedroom- спальня
modern - современный
conveniences - удобства
running water - холодная вода
duties - обязанности
to go shopping - ходить за покупками
tidy - опрятный
to try - стараться, пытаться
favourite - любимый
to do well - зд. успевать
favourite - любимый
to spend - проводить, тратить
sometimes - иногда
an hour - час
fresh - свежий
go in for sports - заниматься спортом
Задание 5.8. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is your name?
2. Where and when were you born?
3. How old are you?
4. Where do you live?
5. Have you got a family?
6. How large is your family?
7. Do you have brothers, sisters, grandparents in your family?
8. What are your father and mother?
9. How many rooms are there in your flat?
10.What modern conveniences have you got in your flat?
